前沿拓展：瑞典replace種植牙

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In some countries the idea of paternity leave - when a father takes time off work to stay at home with a new child - has yet to take hold. In Sweden, which has been encouraging fathers to take paternity leave since 1974, there is now a new incentive for them to spend a full three months at home.

一些的男性已經(jīng)可以享受育嬰假，爸爸可以休假待在家照顧新出生的寶寶。從1974年就鼓勵爸爸們休育嬰假的瑞典，如今又有了一項新的政策，鼓勵爸爸們在家休足三個月假期。

"It took 20 minutes to get the kids into their winter clothes this morning," says Fredrik Casservik (above), putting his son, Elton, into a high chair. Next to him, another dad, Rikard Barthon, agrees. "It's the worst time of year," he says, as he carefully helps his 16-month-old daughter, Juni, out of her padded onesie.

“今天早上花了20分鐘才把孩子套進(jìn)冬天的衣服里，”弗雷德里克·凱瑟維克（Fredrik Casservik）（上圖）邊說邊把兒子埃爾頓放進(jìn)了兒童餐椅。他旁邊的另一位爸爸瑞卡爾德·巴斯頓（Rikard Barthon）表示贊同?！斑@是一年中麻煩的時候，”他說，他一邊說著一邊小心給16個月大的女兒朱尼脫掉厚厚的連體衣。

The two dads are in a suburban cafe in southern Stockholm drinking coffee and sharing cinnamon buns with their children. They discuss how to spend the afternoon while their toddlers wave enthusiastically at two more small children at the next table.

兩位爸爸在斯德哥爾摩南部的咖啡店里喝咖啡，跟孩子分吃肉桂面包。爸爸們在討論下午做些什么，他們蹣跚學(xué)步的寶寶們和隔壁桌的兩個孩子熱情地?fù)]著手。

Groups of fathers lunching together surrounded by toddlers or pushing prams through parks are not an uncommon sight in Sweden. In 1974, the country was the first in the world to replace maternity leave with parental leave, giving both partners the chance of time at home with their children.

爸爸在一起吃飯，周圍圍著蹣跚學(xué)步的孩子，或是爸爸們推著嬰兒車穿過公園，這樣的場景在瑞典很是常見。早在1974年，瑞典就成為將產(chǎn)假換成育嬰假的，讓父母雙方均有機(jī)會在家和孩子們相處。

Rikard enjoys work but sees this as a great opportunity to spend time with his daughter Juni

瑞卡爾德喜歡工作，但是他把育嬰假看做與女兒朱尼共度時光的好機(jī)會。

"It's a very strong tradition here," says Roger Klinth, a researcher and senior lecturer in gender studies at Linkoping University. "That all political parties voted for it in 1974, was a clear signal from the state that men and women should have the same status as parents and that one gender shouldn't take main responsibility."

新晉奶爸休產(chǎn)假的傳統(tǒng)在瑞典由來已久。瑞典林雪平大學(xué)（Linkoping University）研究員羅杰·克林特（Roger Klinth）稱：“1974年，所有政黨均投票同意，這表示該釋放了一個明確信號——作為父母，男性和女性地位應(yīng)當(dāng)同等，不應(yīng)該由其中一方承擔(dān)主要責(zé)任?！?/p>

The idea was that couples got six months' leave per child with each parent entitled to half the days each. However, men had the option of signing their days over to the women - and most of them did. As a result, two decades later, 90% of the leave days were still being used by women.

根據(jù)當(dāng)時的政策，一對夫妻每生一個孩子共獲得六個月的假期，父母雙方各享有一半。但是父親一方可以選擇將假期轉(zhuǎn)移給母親一方。大多數(shù)人也都是這樣做的，正因為此，二十年后，90%的假期仍然是由女性用掉。

A "daddy quota" was introduced in 1995 to resolve this. It allocated 30 days' leave solely to the father on a use-it-or-lose-it basis. If the father didn't take a month off work, then the couple as a whole would lose a month's paid leave. In 2002, this was extended to 60 days. Both reforms had a direct impact on the proportion of leave taken by the father so that by 2014 men were taking 25% of all the days available to the couple. As of 1 January this year, the quota has risen to 90 days.

為了解決這個問題，瑞典1995年引入了“爸爸配額”，即單獨給父親們分配了30天不休作廢的假期。如果父親沒休一個月的假，那么夫妻雙方就會白白丟失一個月的帶薪假期。2002年，“爸爸配額”增加到60天。兩項改革都對父親休假的比例產(chǎn)生了直接的影響，因此，到2014年，男性休假時間占了了夫妻共同假期的25%。從今年1月1日起，“爸爸配額”增加到了90天。

Today, Swedish couples get around 16 months (480 days) paid parental leave when their child is born. For the first 390 days, the parent who is off work gets paid 80% of their salary by the state. After that, parents can take up to 90 days more leave and be paid a lower rate. As a result of the latest changes the maximum amount of leave a mother can take has gone down from 420 days to 390 - or from roughly 14 months to 13.

目前，瑞典夫妻一共可享有16個月（480天）的產(chǎn)假。前390天，休假的一方可以拿到原有薪水的80%。新調(diào)整之后，母親可休的長假期由420天降至了390天，大體就是從大約14個月降至13個月。

Rikard is 41 and works at TV network TV4 and Fredrik, 40, is an advertising agency graphic designer. Both are taking at least four months' leave.

瑞卡爾德41歲，在電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)TV4工作。弗里德里赫40歲，是一家廣告公司的平面設(shè)計師。他們都休了至少四個月的假。

There are Facebook groups that help dads on paternity leave meet up with other fathers. While the children play, the dads have coffee or lunch together and exchange stories and childcare tips just as their own mothers once did.

Facebook有專門的小組幫助爸爸們在育嬰假里與其他爸爸們見面。孩子們一起玩耍的時候，爸爸們就一起喝咖啡、吃午飯、分享故事和育兒訣竅，正如他們自己的母親曾經(jīng)做過的那樣。

Fredrik's wife Susanne has noticed that Elton has become more attached to his dad since she went back to her job at a recruitment company.

弗雷德里克的妻子蘇珊娜發(fā)現(xiàn)，自從她回自己公司工作后，兒子埃爾頓和爸爸更親了。

"I'm a bit sad sometimes when I can see that Elton wants to be with Fredrik, but I know it's because they're home together more," she says. "But then it can be a bit hard for Fredrik when the children want to be with him all the time as well!"

“當(dāng)我發(fā)現(xiàn)埃爾頓想跟弗雷德里克在一起時，我還是有點傷心。但是我知道這是因為他們一起在家的時間更多了，”她說，“但是當(dāng)孩子總是想和弗雷德里克在一起時，弗雷德里克也吃不消！”

Things were very different for Fredrik's father, Jan Casservik, in 1975. He only took a few days' leave from being a head teacher when Fredrik was born, although by law he could have taken more.

現(xiàn)在的情況和弗雷德里克的父親揚·凱瑟維克（Jan Casservik） 1975年時的情況大不一樣了。弗雷德里克出生時，做校長的父親只休了幾天假，盡管法律上來說，當(dāng)時他本可以休更長的假。

"It wasn't that common back then. If someone did take leave, it was almost a bit suspect. It just wasn't what you did as a man," he says.

“當(dāng)時不是很普遍。如果一個人真的休假，那幾乎有點難以置信。那時候那不是男人做的事，”揚說。

"Being at the birth was OK, but you wouldn't be home forever. If I had small kids today like Fredrik, then I'd definitely like to be home and take paternity leave."

“妻子生產(chǎn)時在場是可以的，但是你不會永遠(yuǎn)在家。如果我現(xiàn)在像雷德里克一樣有幾個小孩子，我想在家休育嬰假?！?/p>

His wife, Margareta, agrees. She took all of the parental leave when they had their three children and thinks it's brilliant to now see Fredrik spending time with his two children. "The experience that he's getting when the children come to him is something I felt many times and it's such a lovely feeling. I think everyone should experience it."

揚的妻子瑪格麗特表示同意。他們生三個孩子時，她休了全部的育嬰假，她認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在看到弗雷德里克花時間和他的兩個孩子在一起好?！八F(xiàn)在正在經(jīng)歷的是我經(jīng)歷了很多次的，這是一種多美好的感覺啊。我覺得每個人都應(yīng)該有這樣的體驗?！?/p>

The dads in the cafe say they have never had any adverse comments from people in the street seeing them pushing prams, though on one occasion a friend of Rikard's overheard a tourist in a cafe asking who all the "gay nannies" were.

咖啡廳里的爸爸們表示，他們推著嬰兒車走在街上時從未聽到過人們的負(fù)面評論。不過有一次，弗雷德里克的一個朋友在咖啡廳里無意中聽到一個游客問這些“男同奶爸”是怎么回事。

Sweden is rated as having one of the world's narrowest gender gaps according to the World Economic Forum.

根據(jù)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇（World Economic Forum）的數(shù)據(jù)，瑞典是世界上性別差距小的之一。

Niklas Lofgren from The Swedish Social Insurance Agency says equal parenting in the early days has long-term benefits.

瑞典社會保險機(jī)構(gòu)（The Swedish Social Insurance Agency）的尼克拉斯·洛夫格瑞（Niklas Lofgren）表示，兒童早期由父母雙方共同照顧有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。

"I think it's a natural step that if you've shared the responsibilities more equally when the child is small, there's a bigger chance that you'll take more responsibility later on if the parents separate. We can't show that there's a direct link but it's certainly more common now in Sweden that parents have shared custody and the children live alternate weeks with each parent after a separation," he says.

他說：“我認(rèn)為這是自然的進(jìn)步，你在孩子小的時候更平等地承擔(dān)責(zé)任，如果之后家長分開，你就會有更多的機(jī)會承擔(dān)更多的責(zé)任。我們不能給出直接的聯(lián)系，但家長們共同擁有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)，在分居后孩子們每周輪流與一位家長同住的情況在瑞典更加普遍了?！?/p>

"From an international, or non-Swedish perspective, it probably seems a bit strange that men go around changing nappies and doing the washing up," says Fredrik. His brother lives in the US with his wife, who stays at home with their two children. Fredrik thinks that his brother, and other fathers in a similar situation, might have a different relationship with their children as they spend less time at home.

“從的角度，或者非瑞典人的眼光來看，男人換尿布洗洗涮涮大概有點奇怪，”弗雷德里克說。他的兄弟一家在美國，兄弟的妻子在家陪兩個孩子。弗雷德里克認(rèn)為他的兄弟，以及其他類似情況的父親們可能和他們的孩子們的關(guān)系不太一樣，因為他們待在家時間更少。

Rikard Barthon and Fredrik Casservik with their children

瑞卡爾德和弗里德里赫在帶孩子

Much as they love looking after their children, both men are looking forward to going back to work. "I like working. I see this as a chance that won't come again so it's nothing to do with me not wanting to work," says Rikard.

盡管他們喜歡照顧自己的孩子，但也都期待回去工作。瑞卡爾德說：“我喜歡工作。我把休育嬰假視為僅有一次的機(jī)會，這并不代表我不想上班。”

Most employers are behind them. "Companies need reliable access to competent people to be strongly competitive," says Catharina Back, a social security expert at employers' organisation Swedish Enterprise.

大多數(shù)的雇主都支持他們?！肮疽懈偁幜?，就必須依賴有能力的人才，”雇主組織瑞典企業(yè)社會保障專家凱瑟琳娜·貝克（Catharina Bac）說。

"Therefore it's important that companies are attractive to men and women so that both have possibilities to develop their careers while they have small children."

“因此，對各個公司來說，公司對男性和女性都有吸引力是重要的，這樣男性和女性都有機(jī)會在孩子小時發(fā)展他們的事業(yè)?！?/p>

In 2015 parental leave cost the Swedish state $3.2bn (￡2.2bn), largely funded by the relatively high payroll taxes levied on Swedish companies.

2015年，瑞典政府在育嬰假上的支出達(dá)到32億美元，大部分資金來源于對公司征收的高額工資稅。

In terms of the logistical impact on individual businesses, Back says long periods of leave aren't necessarily a problem. "Of course it's challenging to bring in extra cover when employees are away on parental leave, but so as long as parents forewarn their employers, then companies can plan ahead and then they're happy. It's more when it is shorter periods that it's harder to plan."

在談到產(chǎn)假對企業(yè)的影響時，貝克稱，假期長并不一定對企業(yè)構(gòu)成問題?！爱?dāng)然了，員工休產(chǎn)假會給企業(yè)帶來額外開支，但如果員工能提前告訴雇主，以便雇主提前安排，這樣就好多了。對企業(yè)來講臨時做計劃安排會更難?！?/p>

According to Niklas Lofgren, when the woman has a higher level of education than the man, the parental leave days tend to be shared more equally.

據(jù)尼克拉斯·洛夫格瑞所言，女性比男性受教育程度更高時，育嬰假就傾向于分配得更平均。

It has taken 40 years and many political reforms to get halfway to complete equality in parental leave in Sweden. Women are still more likely to work part-time or take longer periods of unpaid leave.

瑞典花了40年時間，進(jìn)行了多次政治改革才走到實現(xiàn)育嬰假平等道路的一半。女性仍然很有可能兼職或者休更長的無薪假期。

However, if the trend continues as it has in the last few years, the paid leave should be divided 50-50 between the two parents by 2035.

盡管如此，如果過去幾年的趨勢繼續(xù)下去，到2035年，就可能實現(xiàn)男女各休一半假期了。

譯者：呂茜穎，山東曲阜師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院翻譯碩士

審校&編輯：劉秀紅

英文來源：BBC

拓展知識：瑞典replace種植牙

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